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    \title{Chapitre 11 : ChaÃ®nes de caractÃ¨res}
    \date{}
    
    

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    \begin{document}
    
    
    \maketitle
    \vspace{-1.5cm}
 
    Une \emph{chaÃ®ne de caractÃ¨res} (string) est une suite ordonnÃ©e de caractÃ¨res.
Cette suite par des guillemets "" ou, plus rarement, par deux
apostrophes '' (en Python les deux sont possibles). Une chaÃ®ne de
caractÃ¨res n'est pas modifiable.

\subsubsection*{Exemples de chaÃ®nes littÃ©rales}
\texttt{\textquotesingle{}bonjour\textquotesingle{}} est une chaÃ®nes de
caractÃ¨res contenant 7 caractÃ¨res.
\texttt{\textquotesingle{}\textquotesingle{}} est la chaÃ®ne de
caractÃ¨res vide contenant 0 caractÃ¨re.

\textbf{On peut initialiser une variable } avec une chaÃ®ne de
caractÃ¨res littÃ©rale, cette variable sera de type chaÃ®ne de caractÃ¨res.

    \subsubsection*{ConcatÃ©nation de chaÃ®nes de
caractÃ¨res}\label{concatuxe9nation-de-chauxeenes-de-caractuxe8res}

    L'opÃ©rateur \texttt{+} permet de concatÃ©ner des chaÃ®nes de caractÃ¨res.

    \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor} }]:} \PY{n}{message}\PY{o}{=}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{L}\PY{l+s+se}{\PYZbs{}\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{hiver approche.}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}
        \PY{n}{messageBis}\PY{o}{=}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{ Couvrons nous ...}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}
        \PY{n}{messageTierce}\PY{o}{=}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{les oreilles ! }\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}
        \PY{n}{superMessage} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{message} \PY{o}{+} \PY{n}{messageBis} \PY{o}{+} \PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+se}{\PYZbs{}n}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{o}{+} \PY{n}{messageTierce}
        \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{superMessage}\PY{p}{)}
L'hiver approche. Couvrons nous ...les oreilles !
\end{Verbatim}


    \subsubsection*{Les chaÃ®nes de caractÃ¨res vues comme des
tableaux}\label{les-chauxeenes-de-caractuxe8res-vues-comme-des-tableaux}

    MÃªme si les chaÃ®nes de caractÃ¨res peuvent Ãªtre soumises Ã&nbsp; une partie des
opÃ©rations prÃ©vues pour les tableaux, elle ne sont pas de
\textbf{"type"} tableau, c'est-Ã&nbsp;-dire que
\texttt{\textquotesingle{}abc\textquotesingle{}} est diffÃ©rent de
\texttt{{[}\textquotesingle{}a,\ \textquotesingle{}b\textquotesingle{},\ \textquotesingle{}c\textquotesingle{}{]}}
: le second est modifiable, pas le premier.

    \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor} }]:} \PY{n}{message}\PY{o}{=}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{L}\PY{l+s+se}{\PYZbs{}\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{hiver approche, vite vite, il faut se couvrir des morsures du froid.}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{message}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{4}\PY{p}{]}\PY{p}{)} \PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} affichage : v}
        \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{message}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{3}\PY{p}{]} \PY{o}{+} \PY{n}{message}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{6}\PY{p}{]}\PY{p}{)} \PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} affichage : ir}
        \PY{n}{message}\PY{p}{[}\PY{l+m+mi}{1}\PY{p}{]} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{c}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} erreur}
\end{Verbatim}


    On peut dÃ©terminer la longueur (c'est-Ã&nbsp;-dire le nombre de caractÃ¨res)
d'une chaÃ®ne, en faisant appel Ã&nbsp; la fonction intÃ©grÃ©e \textbf{len()}.

    \subsubsection*{Les chaÃ®nes sont
comparables}\label{les-chauxeenes-sont-comparables}

    La fonction \textbf{ord(c)} permet de connaÃ®tre la valeur du code ASCII
reprÃ©sentant le caractÃ¨re \texttt{c}. Les chaÃ®nes peuvent ensuite Ãªtre
comparÃ©es alphabÃ©tiquement selon l'ordre du code ASCII. Tous les
opÃ©rateurs de comparaison \texttt{(\textgreater{},\ \textless{}..)}
fonctionnent alors avec les chaÃ®nes de caractÃ¨res. Cela est trÃ¨s utile
pour trier des mots par ordre alphabÃ©tique (usuel) quand ils sont Ã©crits
en majuscules/minuscles :

    \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor} }]:} \PY{n}{mot} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n+nb}{input}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Entrez un mot quelconque : }\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{)}
        \PY{k}{if} \PY{n}{mot} \PY{o}{\PYZlt{}} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{chat}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{:}
            \PY{n}{place} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{est avant}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{k}{elif} \PY{n}{mot} \PY{o}{\PYZgt{}} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{chat}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{:}
            \PY{n}{place} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{est aprÃ¨s}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{k}{else}\PY{p}{:}
            \PY{n}{place} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{se confond avec}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Le mot}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{mot}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{place}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{le mot }\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{chat}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{ dans l}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{ordre alphabÃ©tique}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{)}
\end{Verbatim}


    \subsubsection*{Quelques fonctions sur les
chaines}\label{quelques-fonctions-sur-les-chaines}

    \begin{itemize}
      \tightlist
      \item \textbf{index(c)} : retourne l'index de la premiÃ¨re occurrence du
caractÃ¨re \texttt{c} dans la chaÃ®ne ou dÃ©clenche une erreur si
\texttt{c} est absent de la chaÃ®ne.
    \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}6}]:} \PY{n}{ch} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Bonjour Ã&nbsp; tous}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{ch}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{index}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{t}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
10
    \end{Verbatim}
\item \textbf{find(mot)}: renvoie la position du dÃ©but de la sous-chaÃ®ne
\texttt{mot} dans la chaÃ®ne, en partant du dÃ©but de la chaÃ®ne et
\texttt{-1} si \texttt{mot}est absent de la chaÃ®ne.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}5}]:} \PY{n}{ch}\PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{je suis Ã©tudiant Ã&nbsp; Paris 13}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n}{mot} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{suis}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{ch}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{find}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{mot}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
3
 \end{Verbatim}
\item    \textbf{count(mot)} : renvoie le nombre d'occurrencs de la sous-chaÃ®ne
\texttt{mot} qui apparaissent sans chevauchement dans la chaÃ®ne.
 \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}4}]:} \PY{n}{ch} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Le hÃ©ron au long bec et au long cou}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n}{mot} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s+s1}{long}\PY{l+s+s1}{\PYZsq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{ch}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{count}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{mot}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
2
\end{Verbatim}
\item \textbf{lower()} : convertit une chaÃ®ne en minuscules. \textbf{upper()}:
convertit une chaÃ®ne en majuscules.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}3}]:} \PY{n}{phrase1} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Merci beaucoup}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{phrase1}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{upper}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
        
        \PY{n}{phrase2} \PY{o}{=}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{ATTENTION : Danger !}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{phrase2}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{lower}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
MERCI BEAUCOUP
attention : danger !
\end{Verbatim}
\item \textbf{strip()}: enlÃ¨ve les espaces Ã©ventuels au dÃ©but et Ã&nbsp; la fin de
la chaÃ®ne.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}2}]:} \PY{n}{phrase} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{   Monty Python   }\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{phrase}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{strip}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
Monty Python
\end{Verbatim}
\item    \textbf{replace(old, new)}: remplace tous les caractÃ¨res \texttt{old}
par des caractÃ¨res \texttt{new} dans la chaÃ®ne.
 \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
{\color{incolor}In [{\color{incolor}1}]:} \PY{n}{phrase} \PY{o}{=} \PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Je suis Ã©tudiant en Informatique}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}
        \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{phrase}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{replace}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{ }\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{,}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZus{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
Je\_suis\_Ã©tudiant\_en\_Informatique
\end{Verbatim}
\end{itemize}

    % Add a bibliography block to the postdoc
    
    
    
    \end{document}
</pre></body></html>