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    \title{Chapitre 5 : Fonctions avec valeur de retour}
    \date{}
    
    
    
    
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    \begin{document}
    
    \maketitle
    
    \vspace*{-1cm}

    \hypertarget{fonctions-avec-une-valeur-de-retour}{%
\subsection*{DÃ©finition et appel}\label{fonctions-avec-une-valeur-de-retour}}

    Il est possible pour une fonction de \emph{retourner} une valeur, c'est-Ã&nbsp;-dire
de transmettre une valeur au programme appelant qui pourra l'utiliser
aprÃ¨s appel de la fonction. Retourner une valeur se fait Ã&nbsp; l'aide de
\texttt{return} suivi de la valeur Ã&nbsp; retourner.

    \begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{def}\NormalTok{ nom_fonction(parametre1, parametre2, ..., parametrek) :}
    \CommentTok{# algorithme de la fonction}
    
    \ControlFlowTok{return}\NormalTok{ resultat_a_retourner}

\CommentTok{# exemple d'appel oÃ¹ la valeur retournÃ©e est stockÃ©e dans la variable res}
\NormalTok{res }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ nom_fonction(valeur1, valeur2, ..., valeurk)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\paragraph{Remarques :} 
\begin{itemize}
    \item Lors de l'appel d'une fonction, aprÃ¨s son exÃ©cution, l'appel est remplacÃ© dans le code du programme appelant par la valeur retournÃ©e par la fonction.
    \item L'instruction \texttt{return} termine l'exÃ©cution
    du code de la fonction. Elle peut Ãªtre utilisÃ©e sans Ãªtre suivie d'une valeur (juste pour stopper l'exÃ©cution).
    \item Une fonction ne retourne qu'une valeur. Si l'on souhaite
    retourner plusieurs valeurs, on retourne un tableau (chapitre suivant) ou un tuple (non abordÃ© dans ce cours).
        
\end{itemize}

    \begin{tcolorbox}[breakable, size=fbox, boxrule=1pt, pad at break*=1mm,colback=cellbackground, colframe=cellborder]

\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} dÃ©finition d\PYZsq{}une fonction calculant et retournant le pÃ©rimÃ¨tre d\PYZsq{}un rectangle}
\PY{k}{def} \PY{n+nf}{perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{L}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{l}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{:}
    \PY{l+s+sd}{\PYZdq{}\PYZdq{}\PYZdq{}}
\PY{l+s+sd}{    Retourne le pÃ©rimÃ¨tre d\PYZsq{}un rectangle calculÃ© en fonction de L et l.}
\PY{l+s+sd}{    L et l (entrÃ©e) : longueur et largeur du rectangle, de type float}
\PY{l+s+sd}{    \PYZdq{}\PYZdq{}\PYZdq{}}
    \PY{k}{return} \PY{l+m+mi}{2} \PY{o}{*} \PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{L} \PY{o}{+} \PY{n}{l}\PY{p}{)}  \PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} le rÃ©sultat est transmis au programme appelant}

\PY{n}{pr} \PY{o}{=} \PY{n}{perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+m+mf}{5.2}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+m+mf}{3.4}\PY{p}{)} \PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} pr contient 17.2 aprÃ¨s appel de la fonction}
\PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Le pÃ©rimÃ¨tre du rectangle est : }\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}} \PY{o}{+} \PY{n+nb}{str}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{pr}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{)}
\end{Verbatim}
\end{tcolorbox}

    \hypertarget{tests-unitaires}{%
\subsection*{Tests unitaires}\label{tests-unitaires}}

    Un code contient gÃ©nÃ©ralement des bugs et les dÃ©veloppeurs passent
beaucoup de temps Ã&nbsp; tester/dÃ©bugger leur code. Comme le nombre d'erreurs
augmente avec la complexitÃ© d'un code, il est important de tester
correctement chaque fonction. C'est ce que l'on appelle les \emph{tests unitaires}.

\newpage
Pour crÃ©er des tests unitaires :

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  on crÃ©e une fonction de test pour chaque fonction que l'on dÃ©finit.
  Par convention, le nom de la fonction de test d'une fonction
  \texttt{nomFonction} est \texttt{test\_nomFonction}. La fonction de
  test ne prend aucun paramÃ¨tre et ne retourne aucune valeur.
\item
  Les tests consistent Ã&nbsp; appeler la fonction avec des valeurs d'entrÃ©e
  pour lesquelles on connaÃ®t le rÃ©sultat
\item
  Les tests entre la valeur attendue et la valeur retournÃ©e se font avec
  l'instruction \texttt{assert}.
\item
  La fonction de test se termine par l'affichage
  \texttt{Test\ de\ la\ fonction\ ...\ :\ ok}.
\item
  la fonction de tests est dÃ©finie et appelÃ©e dans une mÃªme cellule du
  notebook.
\end{itemize}

    \begin{tcolorbox}[breakable, size=fbox, boxrule=1pt, pad at break*=1mm,colback=cellbackground, colframe=cellborder]

\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PY{k+kn}{import} \PY{n+nn}{math}

\PY{c+c1}{\PYZsh{} Fonction de tests unitaires de la fonction perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}
\PY{k}{def} \PY{n+nf}{test\PYZus{}perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{:}
    \PY{k}{assert} \PY{n}{perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+m+mi}{5}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+m+mi}{2}\PY{p}{)} \PY{o}{==} \PY{l+m+mi}{14}
    \PY{k}{assert} \PY{n}{perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+m+mi}{0}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+m+mi}{0}\PY{p}{)} \PY{o}{==} \PY{l+m+mi}{0}
    \PY{k}{assert} \PY{n}{math}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{isclose}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+m+mf}{0.2}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+m+mf}{0.1}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,} \PY{l+m+mf}{0.6}\PY{p}{)}
    \PY{n+nb}{print}\PY{p}{(}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{l+s+s2}{Test de la fonction perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle : ok}\PY{l+s+s2}{\PYZdq{}}\PY{p}{)}

\PY{n}{test\PYZus{}perimetre\PYZus{}rectangle}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}
\end{Verbatim}
\end{tcolorbox}

    Ainsi, Ã&nbsp; chaque fois que l'on modifie la fonction
\texttt{perimetre\_rectangle}, on appelle la fonction
\texttt{test\_perimetre\_rectangle} pour vÃ©rifier que
\texttt{perimetre\_rectangle} vÃ©rifie les tests unitaires.

    \paragraph{Important :} Tester des fonctions utilisant des saisies clavier
ou des affichages Ã©cran est techniquement un peu complexe et ne sera pas
vu dans ce cours. Pour tester ces fonctions, on Ã©crira alors en
commentaire la liste des saisies clavier Ã&nbsp; tester et/ou la liste des
appels de fonction Ã&nbsp; tester en indiquant quels messages doivent Ãªtre
affichÃ©s Ã&nbsp; l'Ã©cran.

    \hypertarget{conception-dune-fonction}{%
\subsection*{Conception d'une fonction}\label{conception-dune-fonction}}

%    Lors de la dÃ©finition d'une fonction, il est prÃ©fÃ©rable d'adopter la dÃ©marche suivante~:

\textbf{Ã‰tape 1 :} \emph{dÃ©terminer le rÃ´le de la fonction.} 
\begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
    \item Il faut savoir ce que fait exactement la fonction, dans quel cadre elle sera
utilisÃ©e, etc. 
    \item Il faut trouver un nom de fonction explicite.
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Ã‰tape 2 :} \emph{dÃ©terminer les paramÃ¨tres et la valeur de
retour (avec leur type).} 
\begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
    \item Il faut Ã©crire un exemple d'appel.
    \item Il faut Ã©crire l'en-tÃªte et la docstring.
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Ã‰tape 3 :} \emph{Ã©crire le corps de la fonction.}

\noindent   \textbf{Ã‰tape 4 :} \emph{Ã©crire la fonction de tests unitaires.}

    
 \paragraph*{Vocabulaire}\label{vocabulaire}
Valeur de retour, tests unitaires


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